Frances Glessner Lee found her true calling later in life. An heiress with out formal education, she was in her 50s when she remodeled her fascination with true crime and drugs into the muse of a brand new discipline: forensic science. Within the late Nineteen Twenties she drew inspiration from a household good friend, a medical expert who was concerned in infamous instances—together with the notorious trial of Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti.
For Glessner Lee, the puzzle of untangling the reality about violent deaths proved irresistible. She acknowledged that fixing crimes demanded each rigorous strategies {and professional} coaching. She funded and helped discovered the Division of Authorized Drugs at Harvard College. Her most uncommon instructing instrument: intricately crafted dollhouse dioramas that depicted grisly crime scenes.
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TRANSCRIPT
Katie Hafer: The homicide passed off within the room of a cabin. It is an unremarkable room. A couple of items of furnishings, a blue and white linoleum ground, all typical of the early nineteen a whole lot. It’s unmistakably rustic with unadorned timber partitions. There are not any indicators of domesticity besides a calendar. Its pages are curled up on the backside. It exhibits the month is August. A single picket chair is tipped over and throughout from a solid Iron range is a scene of abject horror. The charred stays of a physique lie on high of a badly burned mattress. Just a few blackened timbers are left to carry up the roof, and on the foot of the mattress is an alarm clock, sitting on a singed dresser.
This is not an unusual homicide scene. It is really a diorama. It has each attribute of a dollhouse, but it surely’s greater than that. It is a dollhouse sized, three-dimensional reconstruction based mostly on the 1916 homicide of Florence Small, the lady within the mattress who was murdered by her abusive husband. Frederick Small killed his spouse. Then utilizing a chemical accelerant and an alarm clock rigged to create a spark, he set a hearth to destroy the proof all whereas he was miles away. What Frederick Small did not rely on was that a completely new self-discipline was being developed known as forensic science, one that would show that Florence Small wasn’t the sufferer of a random accident as many may need thought. From then on Frederick Small and lots of monsters like him would now not be capable to get away
Right this moment on Misplaced Girls of Science, senior Producer Marcy Thompson and I are going to piece collectively the story of the lady who created this completely rendered homicide scene and the numerous different Nutshell Research of Unexplained Loss of life as they have been known as. Her identify is Frances Glessner Lee. She was born into unbelievable wealth within the late nineteenth century. She had no formal schooling and little or no was anticipated of her. And but she championed a model new discipline, forensic science the place scientific information is employed in service of legal and authorized investigations. Alongside the way in which, she pioneered new dying investigation methods, solid unlikely alliances, confronted social and cultural obstacles, and helped foster what would change into our lasting obsession with true crime.
Though there is likely to be just a few of you on the market who’re aware of Frances Glessner Lee’s gory dollhouses, there’s little or no understanding of who Frances was and extra importantly, why she did what she did. Right this moment we examine why a lady of such social distinction and refinement turned completely obsessive about
Hey, Marcy Thompson.
Marcy Thompson: Hey, Katie.
Katie Hafer: Is it honest to say you are taking a certain quantity of pleasure to find topics who’re particularly misplaced?
Marcy Thompson: Completely. If I hadn’t change into a reporter, I in all probability would’ve been a detective. I really like following clues, turning up proof. It is extremely rewarding, and it was very true in placing this episode collectively.
Katie Hafer: And why is that?
Marcy Thompson: Effectively, the story of Frances Glessner Lee is form of like a whodunnit within a whodunnit. She was completely instrumental in beginning the sphere of forensic science, however she herself stays form of a lacking individual. She was a mysterious determine who intentionally, and never so intentionally, stayed behind the scenes.
Katie Hafer: So what, what do you imply by mysterious?
Marcy Thompson: Effectively, she was an unlikely suspect to be drawn into this discipline within the first place, which we’ll speak about extra for positive. However not like different tales I’ve labored on for this podcast, what is not completely obvious was her motivation
Katie Hafer: Ah, motive. That is a key a part of any whodunnit. We have to perceive why she did what she did.
Marcy Thompson: Proper. So following an individual’s motivation is normally what helps us, um, reveal the outlines of a misplaced lady scientist’s work. There’s normally one thing that sparks them, however the factor driving my curiosity with this story is totally different.
Katie Hafer: It appears. Appropriate me if I am improper, however plainly Frances Glessner Lee is finest remembered for her nutshell research of unexplained dying. That is what they have been known as formally, proper?
Marcy Thompson: That is proper.
Katie Hafer: And these form of dioramas of doom that she created with little our bodies and tantalizing clues.
Marcy Thompson: I imply, these have been developed as instructing aids. They have been used to coach dying investigators and that is, they have been developed to show individuals to look very methodically at each element of a criminal offense scene. These dioramas give some individuals the impression that Frances was an odd lady, obsessive about like a form of …
Katie Hafer: okay, yeah, I get that.
Marcy Thompson: Yeah. Like a macabre arts and crafts, however the nutshells inform solely a small a part of her stor. To know what drove her to make them. I had to determine what made her obsessive about crime within the first place.
So seeking clues, I made a visit to Washington DC.
I am heading contained in the Smithsonian Museum of American Historical past. It’s a miserably wet day, and plainly each vacationer visiting Washington DC at present is inside this constructing, together with busloads of very overrated faculty kids.
They’re right here to see the Ruby slippers worn by Judy Garland within the Wizard of Oz, or the droids from Star Wars, however I am right here to discover a clue.
I take the escalator up one flight and discover my approach to a small exhibit on the second ground. All of the sudden the temper has shifted.
Kristen Frederick-Frost: It is a very quiet house. Persons are form of contemplative, that basically speaks to the ability of those objects to attract individuals in.
Marcy Thompson: I can already inform that that is no unusual assortment of historic artifacts.
Kristen Frederick-Frost: Proper now we’re within the Albert Small Paperwork Gallery, and it is an exhibit, known as Forensic Science on Trial.
Marcy Thompson: The show instances are crammed with objects from a number of the most infamous crimes in US historical past, however they’re difficult objects, objects that do not at all times inform the entire story.
Fortunate for me, the individual I got here right here to fulfill is not any unusual information.
Kristen Frederick-Frost: My identify is Kristen Frederick-Frost. I am Curator of Science right here on the Nationwide Museum of American Historical past.
Marcy Thompson: True crime tales are in all places and in our cultural fascination with crime fixing, we have a tendency to position numerous religion within the irrefutability of proof, however we typically neglect how circumstances each private and historic may affect an consequence.
Kristen Frederick-Frost: Science is a individuals product, and nowhere does that come out greater than in forensic science as a result of it’s a must to argue whether or not or not the information and its interpretation, evaluation is one thing that’s convincing.
Marcy Thompson: Kristin Frederick-Frost won’t notice it, however she simply revealed hint proof of Frances Glessner Lee, typically known as the mom of forensic science.
Frances Glessner Lee devoted her life to standardizing an strategy to dying investigation. And it wasn’t simple for Frances or for Kristin Frederick Frost, who had the job of assembling this exhibition.
Kristen Frederick-Frost: I actually needed to pack so much into this a thousand sq. foot room.
Marcy Thompson: Surprisingly sufficient, Frances Glesner Lee was additionally preoccupied with packing so much into small areas, and her strategy was formidable and exacting. Even the smallest particulars did not escape her consideration.
Inform me, um, a narrative when you’ve got one, or what was the weirdest, hardest object in right here to search out? What saved you up at evening essentially the most whenever you have been looking excessive and low for, for stuff?
Kristen Frederick-Frost: The toughest one to search out, uh, is we’re really sitting in entrance of it. I actually needed to search out the firearms proof from the Sacco and Vanzetti case.
Marcy Thompson: And there is the clue I am searching for proper in entrance of me.
Kristen Frederick-Frost: So you’ve gotten, uh, the pistol up right here and these are the grips doubtless manufactured from Bakelite, it was an early plastic.
Marcy Thompson: Two Italian immigrants, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti have been convicted of theft and homicide in 1921. Their case turned a trigger celebre and a polarizing one. At that it raised problems with social justice, political radicalism, and extremely questionable authorized techniques. All of it boiled all the way down to who really fired that pistol …. And describe the, the little bullet there.
Kristen Frederick-Frost: It is fairly little. I used to be shocked after I first held it in my hand
Marcy Thompson: This tiny bullet proved lethal and it will change the way in which we have a look at dying investigation perpetually. …. And that is bullet quantity three?
Kristen Frederick-Frost That is bullet quantity three.
Marcy Thompson: It was faraway from the physique of Alessandro Berardelli, a safety guard murdered in the course of the theft of a shoe manufacturing unit in Braintree, Massachusetts. By the point the trial was over, the complete world would weigh in on this proof.
Kristen Frederick-Frost: The query of whether or not or not that bullet was fired from that gun turns into central to the case.
Marcy Thompson: The person who eliminated this bullet was George Magrath, the medical expert for Suffolk County, Massachusetts. Magrath testified that this very bullet severed the nice artery main from Berardelli’s coronary heart – testimony that will assist seal Sacco’s destiny, ultimately sending each defendants to the electrical chair. The presence of bullet quantity three would appear like a closed case, however much more than 100 years later, there nonetheless is not closure.
Leaving the exhibit and heading again out into the rain. I do not forget that George Magrath was a longtime good friend of the Glesner household. So I needed to ask myself, how did a controversial theft verdict in Boston change the lifetime of a rich socialite from Chicago? And, the way in which we now perceive murder investigations?
Though Frances Glessner Lee was nowhere to be discovered within the Smithsonian Gallery, I simply visited, her fingerprints have been in all places. Possibly simply, perhaps it was bullet quantity three that sparked the motivation of Frances herself.
Katie Hafer: Okay, you’ve gotten hooked me. It seems to be like Frances’ motivation was certain up in determining how the objects at a criminal offense scene can result in fixing a thriller. However earlier than we go on, let’s attempt to get a greater deal with on Frances, like she was born when and the place? She was born in 1878 in Chicago. It was a metropolis that was rising quickly.
And what sort of child was she? I imply, the place, the place are the clues there?
Marcy Thompson: She was quirky after having her tonsils out when she was 9 years outdated. She determined to comply with native medical doctors round on rounds and in her little playhouse, she would make concoctions for the medical doctors, little cures for varied illnesses.
And this led, uh, to a lifelong fascination with drugs.
Katie Hafer: Oh, I really like this a lot. So did Frances, did she wanna change into a health care provider herself?
Marcy Thompson: Yeah. I imply, that appears to be the case.
She wrote later in life that she was deeply fascinated with drugs and nursing, and he or she would’ve loved coaching in both one.
Katie Hafer: However she did not as a result of,
Marcy Thompson: As a result of that is not by and huge what women got down to do on the flip of the twentieth century. I imply, she liked music. She liked to make issues along with her fingers, which is one thing women on the time have been inspired to do.
Afterward, she really created a miniature of the complete Chicago Symphony Orchestra to scale, and he or she gave that to her mom on her birthday.
Katie Hafer: Oh my gosh. So itty bitty violins and oboes and Oh my
Marcy Thompson: God. Yeah. In little outfits.
Katie Hafer: Little outfits. So it sounds just like the household was very effectively off.
Marcy Thompson: Yeah. Frances’ father was a associate in what would change into one of many largest manufacturing firms on this planet at the moment, Worldwide Harvester.
And that made the Lee household one of many wealthiest in Chicago. They’d a mansion on Chicago’s South Aspect, which nonetheless exists, and an enormous property within the White Mountains of New Hampshire.
Katie Hafer: And I am assuming that schooling was essential to those individuals.
Marcy Thompson: Yeah, essential. Frances and her brother George have been each taught by wonderful tutors. They realized math and pure sciences. They realized a number of languages, music and artwork. However as I discussed, Frances wasn’t in a position to pursue a profession in drugs. Uh, she as soon as wrote merely, “This was not potential.”
Katie Hafer: Oh, geez. I imply, this unlucky chorus is one which we hear time and again at Misplaced Girls of Science.
Marcy Thompson: Yeah, it’s. And regardless that there have been some girls on the time who did go to school, that wasn’t to be the case with Frances. However her brother George, alternatively, did go to school, to Harvard, in actual fact, the gold commonplace within the Glessner household. He thrived there and would convey his school good friend George Magrath dwelling over breaks.
Katie Hafer: Ooh. So the identical George Magrath, the Medical Examiner from the Sacco and Vanzetti case.
Marcy Thompson: That is proper. That is proper.
Katie Hafer: Huh…
Marcy Thompson: So the 2, Georges brother, George, and good friend George can be on the Glessners throughout these lengthy breaks. And also you form of need to surprise what it was like for Frances to take a seat there and listen to about their school exploits.
Katie Hafer: So what did she do? What did she do as an alternative of school? Wait, I feel I can guess.
Marcy Thompson: I am positive you’ll be able to. When she was 19, she was married off to a 30-year-old lawyer from Mississippi named Blewett Lee. They’d three kids, but it surely was not a very good marriage. They divorced in 1914 and he or she was by all accounts fairly depressed for the 17 years they have been collectively and he or she continued to be depressed effectively after their divorce.
Katie Hafer: Oh, geez. So, okay. Proper. Take a sensible, younger lady, encourage her to be taught concerning the world after which forestall her from having a profession of her personal that’s simply so not okay.
Marcy Thompson: However the loopy factor is I feel that her love of drugs and her frustration with this double commonplace really contributed to her motivation. It is form of a part of what drew her later in life to authorized drugs, which was her ardour, and he or she solid that on her personal phrases.
Katie Hafer: Ah, sure. Okay. How can we go from unhappy, wealthy, divorced lady to pushed but formally uneducated proponent of forensic science? This can be a story I’ve gotta hear.
Marcy Thompson: And curiously sufficient, that can lead us straight again to George Magrath.
Katie Hafer: Uh, George Magrath, the most effective good friend slash Sacco and Vanzetti Medical Examiner.
Marcy Thompson: Sure … once we come again, I’d wish to share a few of my dialog with an knowledgeable on forensic drugs and Frances Glessner Lee. In reality, he wrote the guide on her.
BREAK
Bruce Goldfarb: My identify is Bruce Goldfarb, however I’m an writer in Baltimore, Maryland.
Marcy Thompson: Along with writing about Frances Glessner Lee, Bruce Goldfarb labored for the Chief Medical Examiner for the state of Maryland, which is the place the nutshell research of unexplained dying are at present housed.
Bruce Goldfarb: As a, a fan of Frances Glessner Lee, after I was going by means of her papers and the whole lot, it was like I used to be studying the story for the primary time and studying this stuff, and it was actually extraordinary expertise.
Marcy Thompson: To know what drove her and what would join her to George Magrath. It’s important to return and perceive who was answerable for figuring out the reason for unexplained dying. On the flip of the twentieth century, the USA was not a terrific place to die unexpectedly … within the US at the moment. Loss of life investigation was problematic.
A suspicious fall down a set of stairs is likely to be investigated by a coroner if it was investigated in any respect. The coroner was a holdover from the British crowner, who collected cash for the king – together with money owed, within the case of dying – and a model of that system was put into place in the USA the place coroners had no required medical coaching and most had no schooling in any respect. They have been elected officers whose findings might be simply influenced.
Bruce Goldfarb: It wasn’t that the most effective individual for the job essentially bought it, it, it says that they bought extra votes than any individual else.
Marcy Thompson: So immediately that push down the steps might be declared a visit if the coroner noticed it that means. When it got here to fixing crimes, there was no science concerned as a result of there was no science interval.
Bruce Goldfarb: You do not have these instruments to use till you develop forensic toxicology and, and these different applied sciences that do not even exist on the time interval.
Marcy Thompson: Even medical medical doctors on the time weren’t educated to take care of reason behind dying. However in Suffolk County, Massachusetts, that started to alter when a medical expert’s workplace was established and so they employed none apart from George Magrath, the outdated school good friend of George Glessner, Frances’ brother
Bruce Goldfarb: Magrath was a medical physician, educated as a pathologist, a graduate of Harvard Medical College, appointed in 1907, and he was actually America’s first forensic pathologist. And when he bought the job, he realized that he did not have the background or expertise or schooling to analyze deaths. So Magrath mainly took his personal fellowship and he went to Europe and he spent a while in these capitals of medical coaching the place that they had developed what they known as authorized drugs. After which he got here again to the USA and he included these methods, the scientific medical mannequin of dying investigation.
Marcy Thompson: This was innovative science on the time. George Magrath would preside over 1000’s of dying investigations within the quickly rising metropolis of Boston and appeared on the witness stand in virtually each courtroom within the northeast, together with as a medical expert who cracked the case of Frederick Small, who murdered his spouse and burned down their cabin in Osippee, New Hampshire.
Small did not rely on the mattress, falling by means of the ground, together with Florence’s torso preserved within the water of Lake Ossipee that had seeped into their basement. Small thought he’d gather his spouse’s $20,000 insurance coverage coverage and name it a day. As an alternative,
Whereas working to analyze murders and ship testimony in courtroom, Magrath taught a number of the methods he realized alongside the way in which to college students at Harvard Medical College. However Magrath’s well being wasn’t good.
Bruce Goldfarb: Magrath had very dangerous cellulitis of each fingers, and that is in all probability from working with these caustic supplies and stuff that he’s working with.
Marcy Thompson: And in the summertime of 1929, he checked himself into Phillip’s Home, a luxurious wing of Massachusetts Basic Hospital in Boston to recuperate. And who else occurred to be there recovering from an unknown sickness, however Frances Glessner Lee now a 51-year-old divorcee with grown kids,
Bruce Goldfarb: And by 1929 she was actually adrift and he or she was in in a doldrums, and he or she’s recuperating at Phillip’s Home in Boston
Marcy Thompson: and the 2 longtime associates bought to speaking.
Bruce Goldfarb: He loved telling tales and about closed instances. He would by no means speak about something that he was really engaged on, however these historic ones, completely.
Marcy Thompson: Together with, it will appear, the case towards Nicola Sacco and Bartolemeo Vanzetti.
It was the trial of the century in any case. The defendants had been executed. Simply two years earlier than. George Magrath had witnessed their electrocution; he signed their dying certificates, and in that summer time of 1929, a full eight years after the decision, newspapers in Boston have been nonetheless publishing tales about whether or not or not Sacco and Vanzetti have been responsible.
It was nonetheless very a lot on town’s thoughts and certain on George Magrath’s and now Frances’s.
Bruce Goldfarb: They’d sit on the balcony and simply speak about every kind of stuff, and Magrath defined about his work and he defined the entire enterprise between coroners and medical experts. Though in common tradition, they’re, the phrases are used interchangeably. They’re actually very totally different positions,
Marcy Thompson: And the principle purpose for that distinction is schooling. Magrath’s work as with the Florence small case and lots of others concerned a excessive degree of coaching. He was training on an entire totally different degree.
Bruce Goldfarb: There wasn’t only a coroner downside within the Northeast. It was all through the complete United States. All the nation, if there may be any dying investigation completed in any respect, can be completed by a coroner.
Marcy Thompson: The issue was reaching a tipping level and the Sacco and Vanzetti case whipped up a nationwide dialog about needed reforms, each authorized and medical. Magrath’s personal position within the case was fraught. His damning testimony proved controversial, however the system was hobbled by problematic authorized techniques and a scarcity of scientific information.
Change was so as. In reality, in 1928, the summer time earlier than Frances and George convalesced at Phillip’s Home, a scathing report was issued by the Nationwide Analysis Council known as the Coroner and the Medical Examiner. It advisable the abolishment of the coroner system and the event of correctly geared up medical authorized institutes affiliated with universities the place a excessive degree of coaching might happen.
Frances and George took that advice and ran with it, and what she did subsequent was nothing wanting groundbreaking. Impressed by her Phillips home conversations with George Magrath, which tapped into her deep admiration for the medical sciences, she set out on the lengthy journey to construct a whole division of authorized drugs at Harvard from the bottom up.
There college students might obtain a top-notch schooling in forensic science. They’d be taught the newest methods from around the globe. Frances was now not a lady adrift. She had a goal to make use of science in pursuit of justice.
Bruce Goldfarb: She began a follow of drugs.
Marcy Thompson: She poured each ounce of herself into it, and greater than $250,000 of her personal cash equal to about $5.8 million at present. The one approach to repair the system was to supply schooling and never simply any schooling, a medical authorized schooling at Harvard.
Bruce Goldfarb: I imply, this can be a scientific discipline of, you already know, medical specialty identical to another specialty. And, and it didn’t exist earlier than her, and he or she established it.
Marcy Thompson: The brand new discipline of forensic science gave Frances Glessner Lee a approach to get to school and Harvard at that. However as we’ll discover out, it was like her marriage, a union that would not final.
Katie Hafer: You already know, Marcy, it appears to me that like numerous our misplaced scientists, Frances was making essentially the most out of her circumstances. However in her case, her contribution to this discipline wasn’t a lot science itself, it was making a discipline of science potential. Is that proper?
Marcy Thompson: Yeah. I imply, as Bruce Goldfarb stated, she recognized the necessity and eventually she noticed a spot to speculate her intelligence and her expertise.
And it was extra than simply her cash that made all of that potential. It was additionally her focus, her willpower, and her drive, which was appreciable.
Katie Hafer: Proper, proper. And I additionally, I additionally see what you imply whenever you stated that she was, quote, behind the scenes.
Marcy Thompson: Sure, she was not out in entrance and he or she labored very onerous to begin the Division of Authorized Drugs at Harvard, and regardless that she learn the whole lot and was as a lot of an knowledgeable on this discipline as anybody, she purposely stayed within the background. However the one means that she confirmed her true form of expertise was by means of these nutshell research of unexplained dying,
Katie Hafer: the dollhouse and gee, did not it turn out to be useful that she realized to work along with her fingers? Proper.
Marcy Thompson: Proper. Completely.
Katie Hafer: So what number of of those did she make?
Marcy Thompson: She made 19 altogether.
Katie Hafer: Wow.
Marcy: And so they have been all. Very extremely detailed recreations. Their goal was to show dying investigators to carefully observe a homicide setting.
In order that they have been meant to have a look at this stuff, spend numerous time pouring over the main points, being attentive to the whole lot from the position of our bodies, to blood spatter, to pores and skin discoloration. All of these sorts of gory particulars have been there for a purpose. And the aim, that is the fascinating factor, their goal was and nonetheless is. And that is, these are Frances’ phrases.
“Convict the responsible, clear the harmless, and discover the reality in a nutshell.” And these nutshells that at the moment are all restored have been used for that goal for greater than eight many years. They’re nonetheless getting used.
Katie Hafer: Her nutshell dollhouses are nonetheless getting used.
Marcy Thompson:Yeah.
Katie Hafer: Wonderful. And are they obtainable to the general public?
Marcy Thompson: No, they don’t seem to be, sadly.
Oh. However they have been, um, featured in an exhibit on the Renwick Gallery, on the Smithsonian American Artwork Museum in 2018. And after they have been there, the general public bought to see them for the primary time. And what’s actually cool is that I spoke to the conservator who labored to revive Frances’s Nutshells, and the method gave her a firsthand have a look at what was occurring contained in the thoughts of Frances Glessner Lee.
Ariel O’Connor: My identify is Ariel O’Connor and I’m an Objects Conservator and. Some individuals describe us as being artwork medical doctors so we are able to restore paintings if it is damaged. Typically we could be forensic scientists for artwork, and so we are able to examine how one thing is made and what that tells us about the way it’s deteriorating or the previous.
Marcy Thompson: And when the nutshell research got here earlier than you, had you ever seen something like that earlier than
Ariel O’Connor: I had seen dollhouses, I had seen craft, and I had by no means seen artwork materials utilized in a means like this earlier than. It was fully unbelievable to me that you can take one thing that was, uh, perhaps thought-about a conventional female craft like knitting or portray, and use it to fully change the world of science, and on this case, the world of forensic science.
Marcy Thompson: And your early impressions of the challenge have been have been what? Did you have a look at them and say, these are so ugly?
Ariel O’Connor: Immediately, I seen unbelievable craftsmanship. Tiny items of clothes that I might inform have been hand knit. I realized later they have been hand knit with straight pins. It took Frances Glessner Lee so lengthy to make these, she must relaxation her eyes each 20 minutes as she was working. I noticed fantastically hand painted work, tiny cigarettes that have been hand rolled, and I had by no means seen a dollhouse and I realized later, these should not dollhouses. These are, these are true crime scenes that it’s a must to resolve.
There’s numerous crossover between conservation and forensics, I needed to take a step again and notice. Oh wait, like do not have a look at them as a conservator. Proper. Take a look at them as if I have been a detective approaching them and I attempt to strategy my conservation therapy like Frances Glessner Lee would strategy the forensic investigation and use materials proof as a clue to inform me whether or not one thing needs to be returned or modified or left alone.
Marcy Thompson: I really like the truth that you are studying from her form of from her, from the past about doing your personal job.
Ariel O’Connor: And I felt this degree of obligation to convey it again in a way to the way in which that she had made them. And I completely really feel that and really feel her affect in my work to today.
Katie Hafer: So Marcy, as you seek for Frances’ fingerprints, because it have been, uh, on forensic science. What else did you discover?
Marcy Thompson: Effectively, the trail from these conversations with Magrath again on the Phillips Home to our trendy system of forensic drugs is just not a straight one. So Harvard College handled Frances with numerous disrespect. And in 1951, she really wrote. And that is form of nice. “Harvard has a repute of being outdated fogeyish and ungrateful and silly, and I’ve certainly discovered this repute to be deserved.”
Katie Hafer: Oh my gosh. Previous fogey-ish, ungrateful and silly. I imply, that is fairly the indictment.
Marcy Thompson: I imply, she was offended.
Katie Hafer: She was offended
Marcy Thompson: And she or he in the end minimize them out of her will when she died in 1962 and the Division of Authorized Drugs she had began there and poured her complete life’s work into was really disbanded in 1967.
Katie Hafer: Oh, it seems like one other form of painful divorce, proper?
Marcy Thompson: I imply, you can say that, but it surely did not finish there. So, which is an efficient information. I had a extremely fascinating dialog about Frances’ legacy with Jeffrey Jentzen. Jeffrey is a forensic pathologist. He is a professor emeritus on the College of Michigan within the departments of pathology and historical past.
He is written about Frances and her legacy. Curiously, he was additionally the medical expert in Milwaukee for over 20 years the place he presided over the investigation of serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer. So he is seen greater than his share of adverse crime scenes. So Jentzen began out by referencing that 1928 Nationwide Analysis Council report.
That was the one which Frances and George talked about again on the Phillips Home. And that was the report that advisable the abolishment of the coroner system.
Jeffrey Jentzen: That 1928 report is a early milestone within the try to enhance dying investigation nationwide.
Marcy Thompson: I am curious as a result of I am a little bit hung up on this, the Sacco and Vanzetti case, and the apparent questions that weren’t ever answered. Do you assume that had any half to play on this 1928 Nationwide Analysis Council discovering?
Jeffrey Jentzen: Oh yeah. I feel it did.
Marcy Thompson: Actually,
Jeffrey Jentzen: That was one of many, the most important instances that was introduced up of the science across the investigation and the, you already know, political influences that have been, that have been current. I actually assume that that was one of many main instances that pushed ahead.
Marcy Thompson: Why is it essential for the one that is in command of a dying investigation on this means, in any form of forensic capability, why is it essential for them to be educated in, in another type of increased schooling?
Jeffrey Jentzen: Effectively. Loss of life investigation, like another career, relies on coaching, expertise and the literature.
And with a purpose to be specialised in that, with a purpose to be realized, that you must do all of these three issues. The coaching is essential as a result of something that the person says in courtroom is mainly thought-about to be proof. If that proof is flawed, it would have an effect on the end result of the trial.
Marcy Thompson: I am gonna return a little bit bit and ask you about this Division of Authorized Drugs that was began and funded by Frances Glessner Lee. Understanding what we all know now, I assume we all know that the needle wasn’t moved sufficient, however again then, did it transfer the needle on legitimizing this career?
Jeffrey Jentzen: Effectively, it actually did. She was an early proponent of improved dying investigation. She, in fact, was fascinated with it a very long time previous to that along with her coaching applications and, and that that will put extra individuals into the sphere.
Marcy Thompson: Within the mid Nineteen Nineties, Jentzen and his colleague, Steve Clark, have been pissed off by the dearth of schooling dying investigators exhibited within the discipline, so Jentzen and Clark started to develop rigorous units of tips for investigators, checklists of kinds that have been adopted nationwide and are nonetheless used at present by the Division of Justice.
Jeffrey Jentzen: These tips have been rolled right into a certification program, which is now the American Board of Medical Authorized Loss of life Investigation, and these tips are the muse for the certification program.
Marcy Thompson: I am not suggesting in any respect that Frances Glessner Lee had something to do together with your tips being created, however I’ll say that. It was actually the, a dream of hers that such tips would even exist.
Jeffrey Jentzen: Effectively, I feel she was the foundational individual, the, the seminal side of dying investigations as a result of she was a non-public particular person who noticed a necessity in a authorities entity and used her, her time, efforts, and cash. To facilitate this sort of program.
Marcy Thompson: So the query for me is how a lot affect did she have on serving to push this discipline of science ahead, regardless that she wasn’t a scientist herself?
Jeffrey Jentzen: Effectively, I feel she had numerous affect as a result of people began coaching in these areas after which they’d journey throughout the nation and so they turned the subsequent technology of forensic pathologists, I talked about how most residents get pissed off with the dearth of justice. I feel it is human nature that you just, you’re feeling if any individual’s been violated, there must be some treatment on, on the ache that was inflicted on them.
Katie Hafer: It positively brings us a great distance from a lady doing needle work in Chicago to a lady who dedicates her life in service of the higher good. However I’ve to ask, do you assume it was onerous for her to remain behind the scenes?
Marcy Thompson: I feel it was onerous for her to achieve traction for the sphere it doesn’t matter what she did. However she wrote one thing in the direction of the tip of her life that I discovered actually poignant. She wrote, “Being a lady has made it troublesome at instances to make the lads imagine within the challenge that I used to be furthering … the discouragements have been plentiful and extreme.” So she was, she was bummed.
Katie Hafer: She was bummed. However I imply, forensic science turned large and but she was discriminated towards, and he or she remained within the background. And that may be a tune. We are able to hum by coronary heart at this level. This has been so fascinating and now we now have a a lot better understanding of her contribution to forensic science, and it wasn’t simply that she appreciated to create creepy homicide scenes.
Marcy Thompson: Yeah, I imply, she was motivated and devoted to utilizing science and to essentially making a department of science to convey individuals to justice.
Katie Hafer: Marcy, thanks a lot.
Marcy Thompson: You are welcome. It was actually my pleasure. Thanks Katie.
Katie Hafer: For extra on misplaced girls scientists and forensics, try our episode on the chemist Mary Louisa Willard. She did forensics as a aspect hustle beginning within the Thirties. And in that episode you will hear extra from Bruce Goldfarb who was a visitor. You will discover the hyperlink on our web site LostWomenofscience.org.
Marcy Thompson was senior producer for this episode, and Deborah Unger was senior managing producer. David DeLuca was our sound designer and sound engineer. Our music was composed by Lizzie Younan. We had reality checking assist from Lexi Atiya. Lily Whear created the artwork. Thanks as at all times to my co-executive producer, Amy Sharp, and to Eowyn Burtner, our program supervisor.
Thanks additionally to Jeff DelViscio at our publishing associate, Scientific American. We’re distributed by PRX for a transcript of this episode and extra details about Frances Glessner Lee. Please go to our web site, misplaced girls of science.org and enroll so you will by no means miss an episode. And oh, sure. Do not forget to click on on that every one essential donate button. See you subsequent time.
Host
Katie Hafner
Senior Producer and Host
Marcy Thompson
Friends
Kristen Frederick-Frost
Kristen Frederick-Frost is a curator within the Division of Drugs and Science on the Smithsonian Establishment.
Bruce Goldfarb
Bruce Goldfarb is the previous govt assistant to the Chief Medical Examiner for the State of Maryland and the writer of 18 Tiny Deaths: The Untold Story of Frances Glessner Lee and the Invention of Fashionable Forensics.
Ariel O’Connor
Ariel O’Connor is an objects conservator on the Smithsonian Establishment Nationwide Museum of Asian Artwork.
Jeffrey Jentzen
Jeffrey Jentzen is professor emeritus on the College of Michigan, departments of Pathology.
Additional Studying
OCME: Life in America’s Prime Forensic Medical Heart. Bruce Goldfarb. Steerforth Press, 2023
The Nutshell Research of Unexplained Loss of life. Corinne Might Botz. Monacelli, 2004
