August 10, 2025
2 min learn
Did Illness Defeat Napoleon?
Napoleon’s marketing campaign in opposition to the Russian Empire was some of the pricey wars in historical past. Many troopers died of illnesses. A few of these diseases are solely now being recognized
Starting on June 24, 1812, round 600,000 troopers led by French emperor Napoleon Bonaparte crossed the Neman River to invade the Russian Empire. The battle was some of the pricey in historical past, and just below six months later, only some tens of 1000’s of males returned throughout the river.
The large losses have traditionally been attributed to troopers falling in battle, succumbing to frostbite, ravenous to demise or dying in a typhus epidemic. However now a brand new, not-yet-peer-reviewed preprint examine by microbiologist Rémi Barbieri of Paris Metropolis College and his crew have recognized different pathogens that may even have been liable for a lot of the demise.
Historic information from the time present that docs that accompanied the military identified typhus from signs equivalent to fever, complications and pores and skin rashes, and an evaluation of stays in a 2006 examine had advised attainable infections with typhus and trench fever. However when Barbieri and his crew examined the preserved tooth of 13 of Napoleon’s fallen troopers, they had been unable to search out any proof of Rickettsia prowazekii, the bacterium liable for epidemic typhus, or Bartonella quintana, the reason for trench fever, which contaminated greater than 1,000,000 troopers throughout World Struggle I.
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As an alternative they discovered traces of the bacterium Salmonella enterica—which causes typhoid fever, to not be confused with typhus—and Borrelia recurrentis, which causes relapsing fever and is especially transmitted by physique lice.
With the assistance of recent drugs, typhoid and relapsing fever each have very excessive survival charges. However these beforehand unidentified pathogens might have simply brought about demise in troopers who had already been weakened from chilly and starvation and had been residing in horrible hygienic situations.
The researchers word that their pattern of 13 troopers is simply too small to make sure that different illnesses, equivalent to typhus, didn’t kill many different troopers throughout Napoleon’s retreat. They solely haven’t but discovered proof of such infections.
Napoleon himself survived the retreat virtually unscathed. The losses introduced his rule over Europe to a sluggish finish, nevertheless. In 1815 Napoleon was lastly defeated by the U.Ok. and Prussia on the Battle of Waterloo.
This text initially appeared in Spektrum der Wissenschaft and was reproduced with permission.
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