The Arctic Is in Dire Straits, 20 Years of Reporting Present
The Arctic has modified dramatically up to now 20 years, a brand new report exhibits, as temperatures skyrocket and ice quickly melts
A polar bear (Ursus maritimus) swimming beside a melting iceberg in Naujaat, Nunavut.
Paul Souders/Getty Photographs
The Arctic is a dramatically totally different place than it was 20 years in the past, when scientists first started giving it an annual checkup—and its present state is dire.
The primary Arctic Report Card was launched by the Nationwide Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in 2006. Since then the area has warmed twice as quick as the worldwide common. About 95 % of the oldest, thickest sea ice is gone—the sliver that continues to be is collected in an space north of Greenland. Even the central Arctic Ocean is changing into hotter and saltier, inflicting extra ice soften and altering how a lot warmth is launched into the ambiance in a means that impacts climate patterns around the globe.
These are simply a few of the stark modifications 20 years have wrought. The findings have been highlighted within the 2025 Arctic Report Card, launched on Tuesday.
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“The very first Arctic Report Card in 2006 was issued as a result of issues have been altering quickly, and this want for fast updates was felt keenly,” stated Rick Thoman of the Worldwide Arctic Analysis Heart on the College of Alaska Fairbanks throughout a press briefing on the annual assembly of the American Geophysical Union. “Yearly doesn’t have a brand new report, however cumulatively [the report] gives a report of the place we’ve been and a information—only a information—to the place we’re going.”
Between October 2024 and September 2025, floor air temperatures within the Arctic have been at their warmest since at the least 1900, in keeping with the report. The ten warmest years within the area have all fallen inside the previous decade.
Within the ocean, the layer of sea ice that expands every winter as temperatures drop reached a report low annual peak. The summer time minimal extent was the tenth lowest in at the least 47 years. The disappearing sea ice implies that much less of the solar’s rays are mirrored again to house and are as an alternative absorbed by the ocean, driving a vicious cycle of warming that, in flip, causes extra ice loss. The dwindling sea ice additionally means important habitats for iconic species comparable to polar bears and walrus are quick disappearing.
The Arctic Ocean is present process what scientists are calling “Atlantification”—a course of the place heat, salty water from the Atlantic flows north, altering how waters of various temperatures and densities are layered within the Arctic, disrupting ecosystems and altering how warmth strikes from the water to the air.
A hotter ocean additionally helped a robust storm, former Hurricane Halong, preserve power throughout the Pacific in October 2025, ultimately barreling into Alaska with hurricane-force winds and devastating storm surge. Greater than 1,500 residents have been evacuated, and a few villages have been all however destroyed.
Glaciers, too, are quickly melting away, the report discovered. Glaciers in Alaska have misplaced 125 vertical ft for the reason that mid-Twentieth century. Greenland’s ice sheet didn’t lose as a lot ice this yr because it did in some earlier years. But it surely continued to pour meltwater into the oceans, elevating sea ranges.
The Arctic is solely changing into wetter, with extra precipitation falling as rain as an alternative of snow. June snow cowl over your entire Arctic is half of what it was 60 years in the past, the report discovered.
Permafrost additionally continues to thaw, releasing as soon as trapped carbon into the ambiance and disgorging iron and different parts which have turned rivers and streams orange. These “rusting rivers,” discovered in additional than 200 watersheds, are extra acidic than regular and have elevated ranges of poisonous metals that endanger native ecosystems. And because the permafrost thaws, the tundra of the Arctic biome is shrinking, and the boreal forest biome is creeping northward, disrupting ecosystems.
Editor’s Observe (12/16/25): This text was edited after posting to higher make clear the descriptions of the Arctic Report Card and “rusting rivers.”
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