The traditional Egyptians took various measures to safeguard the pyramids. However did they ever resort to booby traps?
The reply, Egyptologists advised Reside Science, is an emphatic no.
It isn’t clear the place the thought of booby traps inside Egypt’s pyramids originated. Tombs with booby traps have at occasions been portrayed in films (akin to Indiana Jones movies) and video video games (such because the Tomb Raider franchise). But it surely does not seem that the historic Egyptians used booby traps, like a spiked pit beneath a false flooring or a rope snare that would depart an intruder hanging the other way up, in any respect.
“Booby traps are unknown to Egyptologists,” Rolf Krauss, an unbiased scholar and Egyptologist who has written extensively on Egypt’s pyramids, advised Reside Science in an e mail. Krauss mentioned booby traps wouldn’t have been efficient at stopping robbers who wished to plunder a pyramid. He famous that historic tomb robbers labored in massive groups and a booby lure wouldn’t have gotten all of them.
You “might catch one or maybe two tomb robbers in/with a booby lure,” Krauss mentioned. “However what in regards to the others? A tomb or funerary development massive sufficient to cover a booby lure can’t be entered and robbed by a single particular person; solely a crew would have the ability to try this.” As an alternative, pyramid builders used a variety of architectural means to forestall individuals from robbing the constructions.
Associated: What did the traditional Egyptian pyramids appear like after they had been constructed?
In his ebook “Securing Eternity: Historic Egyptian Tomb Safety from Prehistory to the Pyramids” (The American College in Cairo Press, 2019), Clark wrote that one cause pyramids had been constructed was to assist defend the pharaoh’s last resting place. Earlier than pyramids had been constructed, pharaohs had been buried in smaller “mastaba” tombs — flat-roofed, rectangular constructions with inward-sloping partitions — that had been simpler to interrupt into, he mentioned. Against this, tomb robbers needed to dig a a lot deeper tunnel into or beneath pyramids to get to the pharaoh’s burial chamber.
“The sheer mass and nature of the resistant supplies that comprised the pyramid’s superstructure offered a excessive stage of safety to the inner preparations inside and/or under,” Clark advised Reside Science in an e mail.
After the pharaoh was buried, the passageways and entrances to the pyramid had been blocked off. There are passageways within the Nice Pyramid that don’t result in the burial chamber, however their actual goal is unclear; it isn’t sure in the event that they had been created to deceive intruders.
The “very blockings of the passageways and shafts in some pyramids may additionally current a hazard to an intruder,” Clark mentioned. “Sadly, this was made evident in [Egyptian archaeologist] Zakaria Goneim’s excavation of the Third Dynasty Pyramid of Sekhemkhet at Saqqara within the Fifties. As Goneim’s workmen had been clearing the primary passage into the pyramid, the backfill and blockings in a development shaft above the primary entrance hall collapsed onto them, killing one and injuring two.”
In historic occasions, Egyptians used “sliding stone blocks to shut off burial chambers,” David Ian Lightbody, an Egyptologist and adjunct professor on the College of Vermont, advised Reside Science in an e mail.
Lightbody added that “spells of magical safety” had been written on a few of the pyramids. Often called the “Pyramid Texts,” they don’t “curse” a tomb robber, however they had been thought to offer the pharaoh with magical safety as he labored his means by the afterlife. One line says, “Osiris, carry off all those that hate [the pharaoh], who converse evilly in opposition to his title” (translation by Samuel Mercer).
Probably the most severe hazards for a robber was the punishment for getting caught. Clark famous {that a} Twentieth-dynasty (circa 1186 to 1070 B.C.) textual content means that the punishment for robbing a tomb was getting your nostril and ears reduce off after which being impaled.
Regardless of these measures, protections usually failed. Many pyramids, together with the Nice Pyramid constructed for the pharaoh Khufu, had been robbed in antiquity or the Center Ages (circa A.D. 500 to 1500). In the course of the 18th dynasty (circa 1550 to 1295 B.C.), the Egyptians stopped constructing royal pyramids and as an alternative buried pharaohs throughout the Valley of the Kings, a call which can have made it simpler to protect the tombs. This nonetheless didn’t stop theft, nonetheless; most tombs within the valley had been robbed, with the tomb of Tutankhamun being a notable exception.
