Round 2,000 years in the past, the eruption of Mount Vesuvius obliterated Pompeii and Herculaneum, entombing the 2 cities and victims inside a scorching mixture of molten rock, pumice, ash and fuel. With the Roman cities frozen in time, archaeologists know an enormous deal in regards to the lives of those that perished — however what in regards to the survivors?
On this excerpt from “Escape from Pompeii: The Nice Eruption of Mount Vesuvius and Its Survivors” (Oxford College Press, 2025), creator Steven L. Tuck, historical past professor at Miami College in Ohio, examines the historic and archaeological proof of the individuals who escaped the destruction of Pompeii and Herculaneum, tracing them on their journey to begin a brand new life outdoors the shadow of the volcano.
This ebook begins from an easy query: did anybody survive the A.D. 79 eruption of Vesuvius? That in fact results in a bunch of associated questions: if anybody did survive, who have been they, the place did they resettle, below what situations, and the way did they rebuild their lives within the post-eruption interval? Lastly, what does this inform us in regards to the Roman world and the functioning of its authorities, social networks, and economic system?
Sadly, no eyewitness accounts of the eruption survive from Pompeii or Herculaneum. The closest we’ve are the 2 letters from Pliny the Youthful to the historian Tacitus that narrate his experiences and people of his uncle in the course of the eruption. Considerably, Pliny does report the emotional reactions and actions in response to the eruption of these at Misenum: the folks in that neighborhood, which was about 28 miles (45 kilometers) due west of the volcano by highway, have been clearly distressed however didn’t abandon their households within the disaster.
This was conduct they apparently had in widespread with these at Pompeii and Herculaneum. “You would hear the shrieks of ladies, the wailing of infants, and the shouting of males; some have been calling their mother and father, others their youngsters or their wives, attempting to acknowledge them by their voices.”
There exists a preferred notion that everybody in Pompeii and Herculaneum perished within the eruption. That is comprehensible given the presentation of the catastrophe in widespread tradition […] against this, a reader of educational work on Pompeii and Herculaneum may moderately consider that the query of survivors from the eruption of Vesuvius is already settled […] In actual fact, scholarly consensus has developed that opposite to widespread notion, a lot — even perhaps a majority — of the populations of Herculaneum and Pompeii most likely survived the eruption of Vesuvius in A.D. 79.
‘Proof from absence’
At each Pompeii and Herculaneum we are able to discover a substantial amount of oblique proof of inhabitants survival, at the least in the course of the early levels of the eruptive occasion. A lot of this has not been acknowledged for what it’s as a result of it’s proof from absence. Particularly, lots of the customary family objects are usually not the place we might anticipate them to be and types of transportation comparable to boats, horses, and wagons are lacking or, so far as we are able to inform, misplaced.
It’s hardly shocking that this proof has not been studied in depth prior to now, given the a whole lot of hundreds of objects, each intact and damaged, discovered completely all over the place — indoors and outdoor, and in all sorts of buildings — on the two websites. On the entire, nevertheless, the absence of sure objects appears to point at the least preliminary survival and plans to flee from the cities.
The patterns of destruction, human stays, and lacking objects and transport animals at Herculaneum and Pompeii present proof that many residents of the 2 cities escaped. Different proof for this proposition comes [from] the eruption sequence itself and from the date of the eruption and the placement of the regional market outdoors of the 2 cities on that date. Taken singly, none of those items of proof show escape. Taken collectively, nevertheless, they create a sample that helps the conclusion that folks made it out of the cities alive. […] The seek for survivors additionally entails discovering a sample of proof for these survivors’ resettlement.
This analysis for this ebook started with the speculation that some escapees could possibly be recognized, however these could be just a few extraordinarily wealthy males who noticed the eruption, turned their home keys over to an enslaved caretaker, and left city instantly within the course away from the eruption. This doesn’t appear to have been the case. It seems that those that escaped have been actually a cross part of the inhabitants of their cities of origin.
The place did the survivors go?
We are able to say with certainty that quite a lot of folks from each Pompeii and Herculaneum escaped the eruption of Vesuvius, though extra escaped from the bigger metropolis of Pompeii. These folks included wealthy and poor, males, ladies, and kids. We are able to say that at the least 172 named people, most likely representing about 3,000 family members, could be traced.
How they managed to flee is tougher to find out, however some appear to have lived on the sides of the affected cities, the place escape was simpler. Others might have been away from the cities on the day of the eruption, probably on the market at Puteoli. The bulk didn’t go far: they resettled in coastal Campania, primarily alongside the coast from Naples northward to Puteoli, Misenum, and Cumae. Smaller numbers are discovered additional afield at Capua, Nola, Nuceria, and Aquinum, and a bigger group resettled at Ostia.
The proof means that they escaped and resettled as households in communities that they most likely chosen themselves primarily based on social or financial networks. They weren’t resettled by the federal government, however the authorities did, nevertheless, reply to the eruption with aid efforts supposed to assist these communities. Roman authorities did matter, however when it comes to response and aid, not rescue, regardless of the preliminary response of Pliny the Elder and the Roman fleet at Misenum.
People can maybe be traced additional to — in trendy phrases — central Italy, Spain, and Romania. Trendy research of refugees and their actions, results on their new communities, and the circumstances of their new lives might help to tell our understanding of the lives of those folks, who survived a horrific pure catastrophe and, in some instances, rebuilt their lives, built-in into their communities, however didn’t wholly abandon their private identities and tradition as they carried on.
Excerpt from Escape from Pompeii: The Nice Eruption of Mount Vesuvius and Its Survivors by Steven L. Tuck. Copyright © 2025 by Steven L. Tuck, and revealed by Oxford College Press on October 20, 2025. All rights reserved.
