September 23, 2025
2 min learn
The Moon Is Rusting—Because of ‘Wind’ Blown from Earth
Lunar minerals can rust when bombarded with high-energy oxygen particles, experiments present
A stream of charged particles that blows from Earth (foreground) to the Moon might account for the rust compounds present in lunar soils.
The Moon is rusting — and it’s Earth’s fault.
Scientists have discovered that oxygen particles blown from Earth to the Moon can flip lunar minerals into haematite, also referred to as rust. The invention provides to researchers’ rising understanding of the deep interconnection between Earth and the Moon — and exhibits how the Moon retains a geological document of these interactions, says Ziliang Jin, a planetary scientist at Macau College of Science and Know-how in China. He and his colleagues reported their findings earlier this month in Geophysical Analysis Letters.
More often than not, each Earth and the Moon are bathed in a stream of charged particles emanating from the Solar. However for round 5 days every month, Earth passes between the Solar and the Moon, blocking many of the flood of photo voltaic particles. Throughout that point, the Moon is uncovered primarily to particles that had been a part of Earth’s ambiance earlier than blowing into area — a phenomenon often called Earth wind.
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That wind incorporates ions of varied components, together with hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. When these charged particles hit the Moon, they will implant themselves into the higher layers of lunar soil and set off chemical reactions.
In 2020, scientists reported that India’s Chandrayaan-1 mission had noticed haematite close to the Moon’s poles. Haematite is an iron-rich mineral that may type when rocks react with water and oxygen. However the Moon’s chemical setting isn’t conducive to the presence of oxygen, which means that the oxygen for the haematite may need arrived from someplace else. The authors of the 2020 paper proposed that it may need arrived within the Earth wind.
Experimental assist
Jin and his colleagues determined to check that concept within the laboratory. They simulated the Earth wind by accelerating hydrogen and oxygen ions to excessive energies. They then despatched the ions whizzing into single crystals of iron-rich minerals which are recognized to exist on the Moon.
Pelting the minerals with high-energy oxygen prompted a number of the crystals to rework into haematite. And pelting the haematite with hydrogen prompted a few of it to revert to iron.
The outcomes present that the Moon undergoes many chemical and mineralogical adjustments because it passes via the Earth wind every month, Jin says. Maybe most significantly, they present that oxygen within the Earth wind can type haematite on the Moon.
“It is a nice experiment,” says Shuai Li, a planetary scientist on the College of Hawaii at Mānoa, who led the workforce that made the 2020 discovery. “It’s a very clever design” that helps to tease out the assorted elements that assist to create haematite on the Moon.
Li says he want to see a future mission convey again samples of the lunar haematite, in order that researchers can analyse the oxygen and make sure that it traces again to the Earth wind.
This text is reproduced with permission and was first revealed on September 22, 2025.
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