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An extended-exposure {photograph} within the northern hemisphere displaying satellites within the evening sky
Alan Dyer/VWPics/Common Photos Group by way of Getty Photos
A report filed by SpaceX with the US Federal Communications Fee (FCC) in late December reveals some startling info – together with that its Starlink satellites needed to carry out about 300,000 collision-avoidance manoeuvres in 2025.
Starlink is a mega-constellation of satellites that beams the web to the bottom. The primary Starlink satellites have been launched in 2019; they now quantity about 9400, accounting for 65 per cent of all energetic satellites in orbit.
The FCC requires SpaceX to publish an replace each six months on Starlink’s strategy to security, provided that two satellites may produce hundreds of items of particles in the event that they have been to collide in house, probably rendering elements of Earth’s orbit unusable or resulting in a cascade of collisions.
In its newest report, filed on 31 December, SpaceX mentioned that its Starlink satellites carried out about 149,000 collision-avoidance manoeuvres from June to November 2025. Such manoeuvres are carried out when two satellites are deemed to be passing too shut to one another and have an affordable danger of collision.
The trade customary is to manoeuvre when there’s a 1 in 10,000 danger of collision, however SpaceX is extra conservative and manoeuvres at a danger of three in 10 million.
Along with the 144,000 manoeuvres beforehand reported by SpaceX from December 2024 to Could 2025, this quantities to about 300,000 in 2025, a rise of about 50 per cent from 200,000 manoeuvres in 2024. “That’s an enormous quantity of manoeuvres,” says Hugh Lewis on the College of Birmingham, UK. “It’s simply an extremely excessive quantity.”
Most different satellite tv for pc operators within the US and overseas don’t publish their manoeuvre figures, however a typical satellite tv for pc pre-Starlink may need carried out a handful of manoeuvres a yr. Per SpaceX’s figures, it’s performing as much as 40 manoeuvres per yr, per satellite tv for pc.
Lewis says the corporate is on monitor to carry out 1 million manoeuvres yearly by 2027, with a number of different mega-constellations within the US and China additionally being deployed – that means the variety of potential collisions goes to develop. “From a physics viewpoint, it’s not good,” says Lewis. “We’re transferring ourselves in direction of a fairly unhealthy situation in orbit. It isn’t sustainable.”
In its newest report, SpaceX additionally revealed, for the primary time, repeated encounters with different satellites. It singled out a Chinese language satellite tv for pc, referred to as Honghu-2, as having greater than 1000 shut approaches with its Starlink satellites, seemingly as a result of they function in comparable orbits.
“It highlights how SpaceX actually owns that orbit,” says Samantha Lawler on the College of Regina in Canada, with most of its Starlink satellites working at an altitude of between 340 and 570 kilometres. “In accordance with the Outer Area Treaty, everyone is meant to have entry to all elements of house, however they’ve sort of occupied it.”
SpaceX additionally revealed particulars of a Starlink satellite tv for pc that exploded in December, releasing dozens of items of particles. It mentioned the trigger was a “suspected {hardware} failure” and added it had “recognized and eliminated” the parts accountable from future Starlink designs.
Starlink makes use of an autonomous system to dodge collisions and address the massive variety of manoeuvres required. Nevertheless, SpaceX mentioned it had one incident by which a spacecraft operated by the Japanese firm Astroscale “carried out an unannounced manoeuvre”, which may have raised the danger of collision with a Starlink satellite tv for pc.
Astroscale disagrees with that model of occasions. A spokesperson mentioned the corporate publicly shared the deliberate manoeuvre forward of time and it was “carried out in compliance with Japanese on-orbit servicing pointers”. SpaceX didn’t reply to a request for remark.
Nevertheless, it’s the general variety of manoeuvres that’s the most eye-catching statistic. “They’re doing all these manoeuvres and so they’re doing them completely,” says Lawler. “But when they make a mistake, we’re in actually massive hassle.”
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