As people developed, our heads bought greater and strolling upright narrowed the delivery canal — a tough and harmful mixture meaning, generally, we’d like help in giving delivery, from emotional assist to intervention, in addition to medical assist for life-threatening circumstances resembling hypertension, uterine rupture and postpartum hemorrhage. Earlier than written information, we see depictions of being pregnant and fertility, however little is understood of how being pregnant and childbirth had been considered and handled.
On this excerpt from “Born: A Historical past of Childbirth” (Pegasus Books, 2025), creator and historian Lucy Inglis reveals information from historical Egypt that present how feminine physicians handled problems with “the womb,” how males reacted to durations, and the way the primary identified being pregnant take a look at really labored.
There may be one feminine doctor who lived through the constructing of the nice pyramids, round 2500 B.C., who we learn about as a result of her title and career had been recorded on her son’s tomb door in Saqqara: Peseshet, the Overseer of Feminine Physicians.
Ladies like Peseshet weren’t the native sensible ladies however revered professionals. Her son Akhethotep was a royal official, so his mom was firmly embedded within the literate elite courses. The tomb door, nonetheless, leaves us with as many questions because it does solutions.
Who had been the feminine physicians she oversaw? Who and what did they deal with? The “skilled” center class of Peseshet and the tattooed priestess additionally left the world’s first particular gynaecological textual content, the “Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus”, which dates from 1825 B.C.. It incorporates 34 paragraphs of recommendation that almost all docs at this time wouldn’t advocate following, and it diagnoses nearly each feminine grievance as being that of “the womb.”
The examination of a girl “whose eyes are aching until she can’t see, on prime of aches in her neck,” which seems like a migraine, results in the conclusion that she will need to have “discharges of the womb in her eyes.” That is handled by “fumigating her with incense and recent oil, fumigating her womb with it, and fumigating her eyes with goose leg fats. You must have her eat a recent ass’ liver.”
Whereas fumigating her womb cannot have helped, maybe the liver at the least offered some welcome vitamin.
Just one examination, which seems like a prolapse, accurately factors to real involvement of the womb itself. It’s handled by the pouring of oil, though on which a part of the physique isn’t recognized. The papyrus additionally recommends placing a clove of garlic in your vagina earlier than mattress, and in case your breath smells of garlic the following morning, it means nicely for the being pregnant. If not, it bodes ailing.
The papyrus can also be notable, nonetheless, for the primary use of the time period “wandering womb,” a time period that may hang-out ladies in varied guises for one more two millennia. The stainless record-keeping of the employees of Deir el-Medina additionally consists of intriguing entries for absence often known as hsmn, which means menstruation.
A set of tablets written within the reign of Ramses II cowl a 280-day interval by which 10 distinguished workmen took “sick days” owing to hsmn. As males don’t menstruate, that is one thing of a puzzle. The which means is clarified, nonetheless, by the scribe Qenhikhopshef’s fuller entry for Day 23 — he was absent as a consequence of his spouse “having her menses.” That winter the foreman of the works, Neferhotep, additionally took day off for his daughter’s interval.
Historians over the previous century concluded that this should imply that the Egyptians thought that the menstruating physique was “unclean,” however that is simply hypothesis. There are historical Nubian customs nonetheless present in fashionable Ethiopia and Sudan which warn that menstruating or pregnant ladies shouldn’t enter cemeteries. Maybe it was not the ladies who had been unclean however the employees.
Slightly than fearing that the husband of a menstruating lady would possibly carry air pollution to the sacred Valley of the Kings, the male employees could have been asserting their proper to not “take their work dwelling with them.” To take action might need introduced demise into their houses at a time when the ladies of their household had been susceptible.
The elites of any society go away monuments, artwork and literature behind for us to seek out that goal to painting their patrons as considerably superhuman, however the poor hardly ever go away any hint of their existence in any respect. It’s only comparatively just lately that their lives started to be recorded for statistical functions. So it’s no shock that it’s from the written information of the center courses of historical Egypt that we study in regards to the first identified being pregnant take a look at, written round 1350 B.C., within the medical textual content often known as the Berlin Papyrus.
It states: “Barley [and] wheat, let the girl water [them] along with her urine on daily basis with dates [and] the sand, in two baggage. In the event that they [both] develop, she’s going to bear. If the barley grows, it means a male youngster. If the wheat grows, it means a feminine youngster. If each don’t develop, she is not going to bear in any respect.”
Remarkably, this concept was examined in 1963 and located to be correct in 70% of circumstances, though the success of gender willpower was not recorded. The assessments have even been repeated subsequently at varied intervals up till 2018 and have accurately recognized 70–85% of pregnant members.
Excerpt from Born: A Historical past of Childbirth by Lucy Inglis. Printed by Pegasus Books on October 7, 2025.
