An synthetic intelligence (AI) mannequin has revealed never-before-seen geological constructions at Italy’s Campi Flegrei volcano, together with a transparent “ring fault” that would unleash magnitude 5 earthquakes.
To this point in 2025, Campi Flegrei has produced 5 earthquakes above magnitude 4, and the volcano has been exhibiting indicators of unrest since 2005. However a lot of the earthquakes triggered within the area are going undetected, in line with a brand new research that used AI to pinpoint tens of hundreds of seismic occasions which have gone underneath the radar over the previous few years.
Over the previous 40,000 years, Campi Flegrei has produced two of the biggest eruptions in Europe, and proof suggests the volcano’s earlier historical past was simply as explosive. Scientists have been recording unrest at Campi Flegrei because the Fifties, however monitoring efforts elevated within the Eighties after a swarm of 16,000 earthquakes prompted the evacuation of 40,000 residents.
To analyze fashionable threats from Campi Flegrei, Ellsworth and his colleagues developed an AI software able to figuring out earthquakes that earlier strategies could not pick.
Historically, seismologists determine earthquakes by analyzing seismograms, that are graphs with wiggly traces that symbolize shaking within the floor over time. Researchers search for a sudden enhance within the wiggles’ dimension, and this course of is named “section choosing,” mentioned research co-author Greg Beroza, a professor of geophysics at Stanford College.
“That is a easy and sometimes efficient technique of choosing a section, but it surely would not ‘be taught’ easy methods to do it higher in order that it improves with time,” Beroza advised Dwell Science in an electronic mail. “In our method, we prepare a machine studying mannequin to choose phases. We base it on the gathering of tens of millions of examples the place consultants have carried out this already, and our methodology is designed to discover ways to do that extra successfully.”
The crew selected to have their software analyze Campi Flegrei earlier than different volcanoes for a number of causes, together with there being an pressing want to higher perceive this volcano’s conduct, Beroza mentioned. Greater than 360,000 individuals reside inside Campi Flegrei’s 7-mile-long (11 kilometers) caldera, and roughly 1.5 million individuals reside within the wider space. Unrest over the previous 20 years ticked up in 2018 — and whereas there are at the moment no indicators of an eruption, a very violent or shallow earthquake may current an enormous hazard to individuals in addition to injury buildings, in line with the assertion.
The outcomes from the AI software, printed Sept. 4 within the journal Science, reveal that three-quarters of earthquakes at Campi Flegrei between 2022 and mid-2025 went undetected. Whereas conventional strategies documented 12,000 earthquakes on this interval, AI reveals the quantity was nearer to 54,000.
By mapping the placement of those earthquakes, the researchers found faults — cracks in Earth’s crust that may grind in opposition to one another and trigger earthquakes — that earlier strategies hadn’t highlighted. Notably, the crew discovered two faults converging beneath Pozzuoli, a city west of Naples the place evacuations passed off within the Eighties. The placement of those faults suggests “an earthquake within the magnitude 5 vary is just not out of the query,” Ellsworth mentioned.
This wasn’t the one placing discovering. Pozzuoli skilled uplift within the Eighties, and the identical is occurring once more now, with the bottom beneath the city rising by about 4 inches (10 centimeters) annually. It seems, the realm of uplift is encircled by a number of faults, forming a skinny, well-marked “ring fault” that extends offshore, in line with the assertion.
“Our Italian colleagues had been stunned to see the ring so clearly,” research lead creator Xing Tan, a doctoral pupil in Beroza’s lab, mentioned within the assertion. “They anticipated to see one thing within the south the place earlier knowledge had revealed scattered seismicity, however within the north, they’d by no means seen it so clearly.”
Seismic exercise alongside the ring fault may assist predict adjustments within the system, in addition to trace on the magnitudes of future earthquakes, Beroza mentioned. However it would not present new details about the probability or timing of Campi Flegrei’s subsequent eruption.
“All of the analyzed seismicity from 2022 to mid-2025 is shallow, at depths above 4 kilometers (2.5 miles) and doesn’t point out any migration of magma in the direction of the floor,” Beroza mentioned.
The crew’s outcomes for Campi Flegrei point out that the AI software might be helpful for different volcanoes, too. Locations which have just lately seen an uptick in seismic exercise, corresponding to Santorini in Greece, may benefit from a clearer understanding of the underlying geology, the researchers mentioned within the assertion.
