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Michael Benson: So the snowflakes have been a special story altogether. [Flips to a page in his book Nanocosmos.] So there’s the traditional one.
You realize, I lived in Ottawa, Ontario, for six years.
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Kendra Pierre-Louis: Mm-hmm.
Benson: Three years of steady snowflake manufacturing [Laughs] as a result of it’s—as a result of actually it, the winter, lasts for half the 12 months.
I labored out a strategy to get snowflakes into the vacuum chamber of the electron microscope utilizing liquid nitrogen. I had this type of cryopod, which was used to take DNA samples round Canada. So you possibly can seize the flakes and maintain them at -200 or one thing levels, one thing extremely chilly … after which you’ve gotten a shot at getting it into the vacuum chamber.
Ice generally doesn’t like a vacuum, and it doesn’t like being hit by electron beams.
Pierre-Louis: [Laughs.]
Benson: You realize, it, it sublimates, and it melts. However you’ve gotten about three minutes to seize a snowflake. And so we labored out a strategy to get high-quality SEM [scanning electron microscope] photos of, of snowflakes. [Flips to another page of the book.] That’s a detailed view of the middle of this factor. You possibly can see why no two snowflakes are, are alike if you look with a microscope like this as a result of they’re so complicated, you understand? [Points to an image in Nanocosmos.] This one has a bisected tine.
Pierre-Louis: Mm-hmm.
Benson: And once I first noticed it I assumed, “Oh, it’s too unhealthy it’s not excellent. I can’t actually use this one.” After which a minute later I mentioned, “Wait a second, that is the way it seems. Use this,” you understand? And really, I feel it’s stunning.
Pierre-Louis: It’s stunning.
Benson: Mm.
Pierre-Louis: For Scientific American’s Science Rapidly, I’m Kendra Pierre-Louis, in for Rachel Feltman.
Radiolarians are single-celled organisms that reside in water and are [typically] invisible to the bare eye. However underneath microscope these creatures tackle an nearly glassinelike high quality.
Their magnificence, together with that of different tiny creatures, and a few excessive close-up photos of lunar rocks are the topic of Michael Benson’s not too long ago launched e-book, Nanocosmos: Journeys in Electron House. In it he makes use of a particular sort of microscope, a scanning electron microscope, usually utilized by scientists for analysis, to create stunning artwork that he hopes will assist instill a way of marvel and awe on this planet.
And only a notice to all of you listeners, Michael and I have been collectively to look by means of his beautiful new e-book, and we made a video model of this podcast to be able to look, too. Head over to our YouTube to see snowflakes, radiolarians and moon rocks in all of their visible glory.
Now we have Michael Benson right here with us in the present day. Thanks a lot for coming.
Benson: Thanks very a lot for inviting me. I’m, I’m actually trying ahead to speaking about my venture.
Pierre-Louis: Your earlier books, you understand, Planetfall and Cosmigraphics, actually targeted on kind of the sweetness and the enormity of house, and it is a little bit the other. Like, you spent seven years in a tiny room in Canada …
Benson: [Laughs.]
Pierre-Louis: tiny issues. Why did you resolve to modify it up?
Benson: Lots of people don’t even bear in mind the title Buckminster Fuller.
Pierre-Louis: Mm-hmm.
Benson: He was a distinguished futurist, very well-known within the mid-Twentieth century. And he was being interviewed, apparently, by a younger journalist, just a little bit nervous speaking to the nice man in direction of the tip of his life, and the journalist mentioned, “You’ve spent a profession prognosticating about colonies in house and our place in house. Does it ever hassle you that you just haven’t really been to house?” And Fuller checked out him and mentioned. “My God, man, the place do you suppose we’re?”
Pierre-Louis: [Laughs.]
Benson: And my level is that, really, this isn’t that completely different from the opposite work I’ve been doing; it’s simply that it’s at a special scale. It’s all about house and time, taking a look at how we attempt to perceive our place and house and time utilizing photos, however I additionally write.
And with the electron microscope work it was lastly having an opportunity to have a look at phenomena right here on this planet. I wished to have a look at pure design at submillimeter scales, so smaller than a grain of salt.
Pierre-Louis: So big, mainly [Laughs].
Benson: So big, mainly—effectively, okay …
Pierre-Louis: I’m kidding [Laughs].
Benson: Properly, no, it’s big in the event you’re speaking about, you understand, atomic physics or one thing—we’re speaking about massive constructions. That’s true [Laughs]. And we’re speaking about atomic physics as a result of the electron microscope makes use of the electron and never the photon to have a look at topics.
Pierre-Louis: Yeah, I used to be gonna ask you about that. What makes a scanning electron microscope so completely different from [a] typical lens-based microscope?
Benson: It’s fairly completely different. It’s—initially it takes up most of a room. It makes use of electrons as a substitute of photons to have a look at the topics, which permits for a much more detailed, nuanced, correct take a look at extraordinarily excessive magnifications of topics.
From a really younger age I used to be conscious of electron micro—microscopy photos, invariably offered as belonging to scientific analysis. However I’m an artist and a author, and I’m not a, I’m not a scientist …
Pierre-Louis: Mm-hmm.
Benson: Though I’m very science-adjacent. I exploit scientific applied sciences to discover phenomenal actuality for my functions.
Pierre-Louis: Mm-hmm …
Benson: You realize, which is, you understand, extra related to the humanities; it isn’t science.
Pierre-Louis: In what method is it artwork? As a result of I feel when individuals take into consideration taking a picture of one thing or making ready a slide—what are the alternatives you’re making that make it completely different from, say, what individuals consider after they consider science?
Benson: So scientific imaging is about analysis and empirical knowledge acquisition. I’m positioning my work as belonging to the historical past of, of the picture.
Pierre-Louis: Mm-hmm.
Benson: The, the historical past of pictures—though, on this case, it’s [micrography].
Pierre-Louis: Mm-hmm.
Benson: Nevertheless it seems like pictures, and it’s printed like pictures. And actually, I method it like pictures, even—though it’s utilizing a million-dollar piece of scientific analysis gear that by no means leaves a single room—you understand, a room …
Pierre-Louis: Yeah.
Benson: You possibly can’t take it round [Laughs] and take images with it. You must convey the topics to it.
There’s a actual studying curve studying tips on how to use that type of instrument …
Pierre-Louis: Mm-hmm.
Benson: And I’ve been lucky in having the boldness of the Canadian Museum of Nature in Gatineau, Québec.
Pierre-Louis: Mm-hmm.
Benson: I had a coaching interval, after which they let me free on the instrument.
It’s a really complicated set of procedures simply to get a pattern prepared for the SEM.
Pierre-Louis: Mm-hmm.
Benson: SEM: scanning electron microscope.
Pierre-Louis: Mm-hmm.
Benson: And that’s all precisely the identical as what any scientist would do, precisely the identical, you understand?
Artwork has a freer hand than science. Artwork doesn’t must justify itself and show issues. Artwork is about sublimity—it may be—and about evoking marvel and about triggering aesthetic and emotional responses. And artwork can be, to cite one thing Brian Eno mentioned not too long ago—I don’t suppose he invented this, but it surely’s an fascinating level—that artwork is, in some methods, how adults play.
Pierre-Louis: Mm-hmm.
Benson: And moreover, play is just not losing time—play, in kids, is about determining their place within the universe in a method, to simplify.
Pierre-Louis: Yeah.
Benson: And in my case this work is, partially, an extension of that impulse. You realize, tips on how to proceed producing in myself this sense of marvel about our place within the universe, in regards to the universe, you understand, the outstanding actuality. And I’m additionally fascinated by frontiers.
Pierre-Louis: One of many units of photos that open up the e-book are of those lunar moon rocks, and it’s fascinating taking a look at them as a result of they do—they seem like mountainscapes to me.
Benson: Mm-hmm.
Pierre-Louis: What are we taking a look at? [Gestures at a page in Nanocosmos.]
Benson: So it’s lunar impression glass, and it was a chunk of ejecta, as they name it, you understand, from a macrometeorite impression tens of millions of years in the past the Apollo 16 astronauts simply type of casually seen mendacity on the lunar floor after they have been doing one thing else and raked up—they’d these rakes, pattern rakes—and simply threw of their pattern bag and introduced again to Earth.
Each single lunar picture within the e-book—there aren’t that many … [Flips to another page.]
Pierre-Louis: Mm-hmm.
Benson: That is one other lunar mountain vary. All of them got here from the identical piece of impression glass, which I simply discovered marvelously ravaged and geological and, and, you understand, landscapelike.
That is all fracturing … [Points to an image in the book.]
Pierre-Louis: Yeah.
Benson: From, from the impression, and—and I assume from the impression of the glass when it hit the floor. After which, after which, you understand, there was—there have been tens of millions of years of publicity to house that resulted in varied types of weathering, let’s say.
[Flips to another page.] Right here you’ve gotten micrometeorite impacts.
Pierre-Louis: Oh, yeah.
Benson: So that they have—you possibly can see, you understand, attribute traces radiating out, similar to in macro lunar craters that we will see with a—by means of a telescope.
Pierre-Louis: Yeah, that’s actually cool.
Benson: Yeah. I very consciously wished to make landscapes, lunar landscapes, on Earth. They seem like Utah or Arizona slick rock nation, you understand? [Laughs.] They give the impression of being very geological, and they’re geological. It seems like one thing you would climb, you understand? [Laughs.]
Pierre-Louis: Yeah, it does.
Can I ask a really foolish query?
Benson: Completely.
Pierre-Louis: Did you lick it?
Benson: No.
Pierre-Louis: [Laughs.]
Benson: Lick it—why?
Pierre-Louis: I don’t know. There’s, like, an entire pattern the place—or a factor the place individuals, like, really feel compelled to, like, lick rocks, and you bought [Laughs] …
Benson: Oh, my God, these are Apollo samples. No likelihood would I, you understand—and, and, and in reality, I wasn’t allowed to coat them. As a result of most samples you set within the electron microscope are coated with a molecule-thin layer of [a conductive material such as] platinum in order that they don’t cost.
Pierre-Louis: Mm-hmm.
Benson: And that’s difficult to elucidate. However you’ve gotten an electron beam hitting the topic, you understand, and if it’s not grounded with, with that coating, it may possibly cost, and, and so forth. And so I had points with—I, after all, I couldn’t do this; these are priceless samples.
Pierre-Louis: Mm-hmm.
Benson: And so I couldn’t do this, so I had to determine methods of imaging, imaging them with out them—their charging, and no person who listens to this podcast is gonna sit by means of an evidence of how I did that …
Pierre-Louis: [Laughs.]
Benson: However, however I did handle to try this. However no, I didn’t lick them. [Laughs.]
Pierre-Louis: [Laughs.] I imply …
Benson: It’s a very good query, although. [Laughs.]
Pierre-Louis: Most of the photos, just like the picture of the weevil in a flowering plant—I actually like that one …
Benson: Mm-hmm.
Pierre-Louis: Change into nearly a world unto themselves …
Benson: Yeah.
Pierre-Louis: As a result of they’re taken so intently. They’re clearly so stunning, however is there additionally, like, a scientific profit to taking photos like these?
Benson: Whether or not or not there’s a scientific profit is past me, however as I mentioned earlier I’m fascinated by frontiers, wherever they might be. I outline a frontier as the place, the place what we all know or suppose we all know meets what we all know we don’t know …
Pierre-Louis: Mm-hmm.
Benson: You realize? And, and, and there’s this kind of hazy zone within the sciences, the place, the place all of this analysis is going down, and I’m fascinated by that, however I’m not a scientist …
Pierre-Louis: Proper.
Benson: I’m going there as an artist, in search of my type of “discovery.”
You realize, with these photos of bugs in vegetation, you understand, I, I did get pleasure from with the ability to converse to and really get loans from entomologists …
Pierre-Louis: Mm-hmm.
Benson: On the Museum of Nature. So I used to be asking issues like, “Properly, what does that factor do?” After which I might sometimes get a solution [such as], “Properly, we imagine it’s for this,” and I understand I’m on the frontier, you understand?
Pierre-Louis: Yeah.
Benson: “We imagine it might be for this,” you understand? In order that’s, you understand, that’s an fascinating place.
[Gestures to a page in Nanocosmos.] So it is a flowering plant from the Adriatic, and once I collected it—the Croatian aspect of the Adriatic Sea …
Pierre-Louis: Mm-hmm.
Benson: And once I collected it—I imply, that is extremely small. It’s about—the, your complete plant, let’s test [Flips to another page], your complete plant is eight millimeters large, in order that’s, you understand, underneath a centimeter large. And once I collected this factor with tweezers and put it in ethanol, I seen that there was this weevil in it.
Pierre-Louis: Mm-hmm.
Benson: After which they each, they each went within the ethanol. And so what you’re seeing is this type of—I imply, very, very near how it could look in precise nature, you understand?
Pierre-Louis: If somebody really paid consideration to look.
Benson: Yeah.
Pierre-Louis: As a result of—I imply, as a result of it’s so small, it simply seems like a factor that the majority of us would overlook.
Benson: Oh, yeah, after all. I imply, and in addition, who actually seems in any respect these actually tiny flowers? You simply type of trundle alongside, you understand? [Laughs.] However I—one of many explanation why I actually had plenty of enjoyable with this venture is it modified my method of taking a look at—my method of being in nature, you understand?
Pierre-Louis: Mm-hmm.
Benson: I imply, I used to be—after all, it was just a little bit predatory [Laughs] once I was accumulating samples.
[Flips through pages of Nanocosmos.] And there’s one other one which’s just like this that’s much more formidable in a method. In truth, I feel it’s the only most complicated mosaic I did in the entire e-book—all of those are mosaic photos, by the way in which; they’re comprised of tons of of particular person scans. [Points to an image.] That is the one.
Pierre-Louis: Oh.
Benson: Yeah, so that’s—that’s from a—that’s an Ontario plant and a foxglove aphid in it.
Pierre-Louis: Oh, yeah. [Points to a part of the image.] Proper there.
Benson: Proper there, yeah. And that one took about three weeks of steady work to assemble as a result of the, the person SEM body was one thing like this. [Turns the page to a closer view and indicates the size of the frame with his hands.]
Pierre-Louis: Mm-hmm.
Benson: You realize? After which there’s additionally a depth-of-field query. So, I imply, to not get all nuts and bolts on you right here, however, you understand, typically I needed to do focus-stacking, get a number of scans of 1 a part of the, of the topic in an effort to stack them in Photoshop and ensure every thing was in focus, after which, you understand, construct a fancy mosaic. So, yeah.
And that is—this has some parts of—you understand that well-known portray with the tiger within the jungle [Laughs] …
Pierre-Louis: Oh, yeah.
Benson: There’s just a little little bit of that happening.
Pierre-Louis: Artwork isn’t prescriptive, however, like, what do you hope that folks get from seeing these photos?
Benson: I don’t know. I imply, you understand, for instance, these—the weevil surrounded by flowering vegetation was consciously modeled after Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-century Dutch still-life portray, the place you’d see all of the—you would see all these flowers and bugs, all in an ideal association, and simply type of, you understand, life in miniature.
Pierre-Louis: Mm-hmm.
Benson: It’s about triggering an aesthetic response. It’s about exhibiting worlds you could’t see with the bare eye, however we now have these instruments now to see them.
Pierre-Louis: Mm-hmm.
Benson: See these worlds, you understand? That, that is also all certain to this query of the frontier, after all.
Pierre-Louis: Yeah.
Radiolarians, there’re these, like, you understand, microscopic, mainly, organisms …
Benson: They’re microscopic.
Pierre-Louis: That reside within the ocean.
Benson: Yep.
Pierre-Louis: And—however they’re so stunning. They’re nearly, like, glassine in construction …
Benson: They’re.
Pierre-Louis: However we might by no means have the ability to find out about them with out, you understand, developments in imaging, functionally.
Benson: Properly, it’s fascinating—radiolarians are particularly a, a, a central focus of the Nineteenth-century German marine biologist Ernst Haeckel. He’s finest recognized to the layperson because the writer of a e-book that, in English, the title is Artwork Types in Nature, which is de facto the primary arts-science crossover illustrated e-book bestseller ever. And it’s nonetheless in print.
Pierre-Louis: Yeah.
Benson: It’s unimaginable, you understand? So he introduced, let’s say, the message about radiolarians to the general public within the late Nineteenth century …
Pierre-Louis: Mm-hmm.
Benson: Found a lot of them. His work impacted design and structure and artwork. He was utilizing an optical microscope—the, the electron microscope had not been invented but.
Pierre-Louis: Mm-hmm.
Benson: He would’ve been envious, I feel. [Laughs.]
Pierre-Louis: [Laughs.]
Benson: I might take a look at radiolarians with a degree of particularity that he might solely dream of. However he did produce extraordinary work about radiolarians and lots of different organisms: diatoms, dinoflagellates … every kind of issues.
[Flips to a page in Nanocosmos.] So it is a radiolarian from the equatorial Pacific. It’s, it’s 300 microns large, which implies 0.3 millimeters; it’s extraordinarily small. However take a look at the complexity there. And, you understand, when it was totally intact and never partly broken, it had an entire shell of this type of latticework happening there [gestures to an image in the book]. And, you understand, there—I write within the e-book about what all of this stuff are, we expect, are doing, or a minimum of to an extent: you understand, what the—these radiating spines are all about. It’s partly about flotation within the water column. Yeah, so.
However the, the great thing about it’s breathtaking to me. [Flips the page.] Right here’s a better …
Pierre-Louis: Nearer.
Benson: View.
Pierre-Louis: Yeah.
Benson: Yeah. I imply, it’s—there’s nothing like radiolarians wherever else in nature that I’ve seen. I imply, in, in, in …
Pierre-Louis: Yeah.
Benson: Organic nature that I’ve seen. They’re, they’re fairly particular.
Pierre-Louis: And I feel if we pop over right here [Turns to another page] …
Benson: Mm-hmm. Yeah, so these are, these are diatoms.
Pierre-Louis: Mm-hmm.
Benson: And diatoms are one other class of single-celled organism, and, and so they are typically way more modern, as you possibly can see right here. And apparently about diatoms, diatoms produce oxygen within the Earth’s environment…
Pierre-Louis: Yeah.
Benson: However they’re tiny, little issues, you understand? It’s simply that there are billions of them. You’ve, you understand, you’ve gotten diatom blooms …
Pierre-Louis: Mm-hmm.
Benson: You see these lengthy tendrils—you possibly can see it from house, you understand—of type of greenish blooms within the water.
And the entire, the shells are literally glass—I imply, they’re silica, similar to with radiolarians, by the way in which. The radiolarians are additionally—they distill silica from seawater and produce their, their shells from that. And underneath an optical microscope they seem like glass.
Pierre-Louis: Mm-hmm.
Benson: In an SEM you see the floor texture of the, of the glass, you understand?
However the purpose they do this—I imply, the rationale that they must be clear—is that they’re like petri dishes. [Laughs.] They’ve, they’ve symbiotic photosynthesis happening: algae dwelling inside, producing power.
Pierre-Louis: Oh, that’s …
Benson: For them, yeah.
[Looking at another page.] That’s, that’s a marine, marine diatom. Like a pillbox, isn’t it?
Pierre-Louis: Mm-hmm.
Benson: Yeah. I imply, these—this simply blows, blows me away. I imply, there, there’s a component of Islamic structure, by some means, in right here. [Turns the page.] This can be a shut view. I imply, this might be one thing in Istanbul, you understand?
Pierre-Louis: Yeah.
Benson: Flip it upside—flip it the opposite method, and it, and it might be the highest of a constructing, you understand, linked to a mosque or one thing.
[Flips back to the previous page.] Yeah, and so, you understand, once more, you understand, what you’ve gotten right here, that is nearly actually a petri dish. Take a look at it—it’s the identical form [laughs]. It’s just a little bit extra stunning …
Pierre-Louis: [Points to part of the image on the page]—yeah, it’s nearly, like, acquired lacing in there.
Benson: Yep, yep.
Pierre-Louis: [Flips to another page.] After which we’re gonna bounce ahead once more.
Benson: Yep, in order that’s a dinoflagellate, and, and we have been speaking about them earlier. I imply, they’re so unusual. They’re so stunning to me.
You’ve—normally, you’ve gotten this kind of equatorial groove [Points to part of the image on the page] the place one of many flagella coils round. And then you definitely’ve acquired the—this, you understand, polar opening right here, the place one other flagella extends. They spin for stability, like a spacecraft may. [Laughs.] After which they’re propelled on the different finish by this—one other flagella, which shoots them ahead. And so they’re simply wonderful issues, you understand. And we don’t know what, what that is all about. What are these guys as much as?
You realize, there—I feel that there’s a bent to suppose that, “Properly, we’re multicellular creatures, so a single cell should be a quite simple factor.”
Pierre-Louis: Mm-hmm.
Benson: You realize, “’Trigger we’re complicated, and we’re product of many cells.” Properly, it’s not so easy. I imply, the single-celled organisms which have managed to outlive and compete with one another and prosper within the sea are—have simply as a lot evolutionary historical past as we do. I imply, you understand, 4 level one thing billion years, proper?
Pierre-Louis: Mm-hmm.
Benson: Or three level one thing, yeah. I actually ought to know that, however we don’t, we don’t know that—no person is aware of that for positive. In any case …
Pierre-Louis: It’s been some time. [Laughs.]
Benson: [Laughs.] It’s been a very long time. It’s been an extended, it’s been a very long time.
So that they—they’re very complicated, and, you understand, their survival methods, their structural complexity is a results of the need to prosper, to go forth and prosper, you understand?
Pierre-Louis: Mm-hmm.
Benson: They’d the identical marching orders as Adam and Eve, I feel, you understand: “Go forth and prosper.” That’s, that’s life’s precept. [Laughs.] And, and so, you understand, they’re, they’re very complicated. They—and in addition, I assume no person who really is aware of something about cells would say, “Properly, a single cell is a, is an easy factor.” It’s—we—it’s a mysterious, complicated, magical, wonderful factor, anyway, even in a multicellular organism like us.
Pierre-Louis: Mm-hmm.
Benson: However, however the ones which can be free-floating and competing with one another are significantly wonderful.
Pierre-Louis: It seems like, on this second, it’s very easy to be very cynical about every thing, that there’s plenty of weight and heft happening on this planet …
Benson: Yeah, there’s.
Pierre-Louis: However listening to you speak about this e-book and this venture, it looks as if it bolstered your sense of marvel and …
Benson: Sure.
Pierre-Louis: Pleasure.
Benson: Sure, sure.
Pierre-Louis: And I do know that, you understand, individuals have many feelings in taking a look at artwork, but it surely does really feel like that in the event you—if individuals take away something out of your work, it must be type of a way of simply how stunning and peculiar and unusual this world is.
Benson: Sure, thanks. That’s a terrific query. And also you’re proper. There’s additionally a non secular aspect right here. You realize, I’m not a believer in any type of organized faith, however, however I’m awestruck by the place we’re, you understand, and, and, and, and, and so there’s a, you understand, there’s a component of, you understand—I imply, okay, it feels like an actual cliche right here—however communing or attempting to grasp, you understand, “What is that this? What is that this venture referred to as life?” You realize?
Pierre-Louis: Mm-hmm.
Benson: And also you’re proper, you understand, it—we live in instances the place, with plenty of assist from algorithms and social media and sure poisonous politicians and so forth, we’re specializing in unfavorable issues, largely, and our—on ourselves. The human race, like every life-form, in all probability, is targeted by itself self, you understand, largely. However my work has been to, in, in a way, flip my again on—a minimum of the visible work—on, on the, on the human race …
Pierre-Louis: Mm-hmm.
Benson: And take a look at nature, take a look at nonhuman phenomena.
Now, I don’t do this as a author. I’m fascinated by the historical past of, of expertise and science, and I’ve a gap essay within the e-book the place I, the place I hint the historical past of the microscope …
Pierre-Louis: Yeah.
Benson: So I’m, you understand, I’m a part of the human race, clearly. [Laughs.] I’m not an alien. However, however I do …
Pierre-Louis: Or a minimum of that’s what you need us to imagine. [Laughs.]
Benson: Properly, possibly we’re all, possibly we’re all aliens; that’s one other query. However in any, in any case it’s about drawing the human gaze, ideally, away from our political squabbles, our social media, our—I don’t know, you understand, all of this stuff which can be fairly banal, really, if you take a look at it, or I might say so. And take a look at—look out, take a look at the place we’re, take a look at the bigger atmosphere that truly produced us …
Pierre-Louis: Mm-hmm.
Benson: And take a look at creatures and organisms and phenomena that, which have developed alongside us for a similar size of time as we now have, you understand?
Pierre-Louis: Yeah. That seems like a very good place to finish this dialog. Thanks a lot on your time. Thanks for becoming a member of us in the present day.
Benson: Thanks very a lot for permitting me to expound on [Laughs], on my work. I admire it very a lot.
Pierre-Louis: Science Rapidly is produced by me, Kendra Pierre-Louis, together with Fonda Mwangi and Jeff DelViscio–who additionally edited this episode. Shayna Posses and Aaron Shattuck fact-check our present. Our theme music was composed by Dominic Smith. Subscribe to Scientific American for extra up-to-date and in-depth science information. And don’t overlook to tune in subsequent week after we take a deep dive into all issues wild turkey.
For Scientific American, that is Kendra Pierre-Louis.
This episode was made potential by the assist of Yakult and produced independently by Scientific American’s board of editors.
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